This experimental study explores the influence of different types of footwear—specifically leather shoes versus sports shoes—on the multidimensional performance of referees in the sport of Arm Wrestling. Referees play a crucial role in ensuring the fairness, safety, and smooth conduct of competitive matches. Their performance is dependent not only on physical stability and mobility but also on psychological readiness and emotional well-being. Recognizing that traditional referee attire often includes formal leather shoes, this study seeks to scientifically evaluate whether sports shoes offer superior support in demanding officiating environments.

A total of 20 certified referees (10 male and 10 female) participated in a controlled crossover experimental design. Each referee officiated matches while wearing both types of footwear, allowing for direct within-subject comparisons. Physical parameters such as postural sway and fatigue levels were measured using motion analysis systems and the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Psychological variables were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), while emotional and subjective aspects, including comfort and confidence, were evaluated through the Footwear Comfort Scale (FCS) and Referee Confidence Index (RCI).

The results demonstrated significant improvements across all performance domains when referees wore sports shoes. Postural stability was enhanced, fatigue was reduced, stress and mental workload scores were lower, and self-reported confidence and comfort levels were markedly higher in the sports shoe condition compared to leather shoes. These findings indicate that footwear is not a trivial component of a referee’s attire but a critical factor affecting their overall performance and decision-making ability.